Washington, 16 June

Republicans on Capitol Hill said Monday they need more information about the agreement between the United States and Iran announced by President Donald Trump, and some are expressing scepticism as they ask the White House for details.

The agreement announced Sunday to end the war in Iran, set for a ceremonial signing Friday in Geneva, is centred around reopening the Strait of Hormuz and lifting the United States' naval blockade in the region, along with financial incentives for Iran if it meets certain benchmarks.

But Senate Republicans and Democrats who returned to Washington on Monday said there were still many unanswered questions about the deal, and they need thorough briefings before it is finalised.

“I just don't know enough about it,” Senate Majority Leader John Thune told reporters in the Capitol. “Even the people who follow this stuff closely up here don't know that much about it.”

Congressional leaders and intelligence committees generally receive higher-level intelligence briefings before rank-and-file members, and they are notified of major developments before they are announced. But Thune said he had not been personally briefed on the deal.

“I think that my understanding of what it entails — and, again, not having seen anything — it would require, I think, the issues are going to be compliance, and how are you going to enforce that,” Thune said.

Thune's concerns were echoed by several other GOP senators.

“If it's a secret deal, then how can I take it seriously?” asked Republican Senator Thom Tillis of North Carolina.

Vice President JD Vance told ABC News on Monday that the White House would release the text this week, “and what everybody will see is that Iran doesn't get a dime of money unless they perform their obligations.”

Trump has not yet explained how his agreement will address Iran's nuclear programme, including who will be in charge of verifying that Iran is in compliance and who will destroy or remove highly enriched uranium believed to be buried under nuclear sites that were badly damaged by US strikes last summer.

A memorandum of understanding also includes the possibility of releasing Iran's frozen funds, sanctions relief and a USD 300 billion fund to help rebuild Iran if Tehran meets certain benchmarks, senior US officials told reporters Monday. But the document has not been released.

Thune said he wants to know more about the conditions on the financial incentives for Iran. He said the deal would be a “good one” if the incentives are conditioned upon Iran winding down its nuclear programme and getting rid of the enriched uranium, “preventing them from having a nuclear capability in the future”.

Senator John Kennedy said he is hopeful, but “until you see the final document, it's hard to make an assessment.”

“I go into it very sceptical of the government of Iran,” Kennedy said. “They learn to lie before they learn to talk. So any agreement we make with them has to have guardrails. It has to have a way to judge through independent inspection if they're doing what they say they're doing.”

Under the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act passed by Congress during the Obama era, any deal the US reaches concerning Iran's nuclear material must be submitted within a certain amount of time to Congress for review. But it is up to Congress whether that happens — it is not required.

President Barack Obama's 2015 nuclear agreement with Iran, known as the JCPOA, was submitted for what's called a vote of disapproval in the Senate. The outcome did not roll back the agreement, but put the senators on record with their support or opposition.

Senator Lindsey Graham, a close ally of Trump and a longtime hawk on Iran, has appeared sceptical over the emerging agreement. He said he is “pulling for a deal”, but Congress will need to review and vote on it, and he wants to see the memorandum that the two countries have agreed on.

“The way Iran describes it, it's awful. The way we describe it, it makes sense to me,” Graham said. “Let's look at it and see what it actually is.”

Graham has said he wants Vance, whom he called “the architect of the deal,” to present it to lawmakers.

Vance responded to Graham on Monday, saying in the interview with ABC that he would “caution Lindsey Graham and anybody else not to believe the hard-liner propaganda in Iran, but to believe what's actually in the agreement.”

Even though Iran's new supreme leader, Mojtaba Khamenei, is the son of the last supreme leader, and Iran's paramilitary Revolutionary Guard still has significant authority in Iran, Vance told CNN in a separate interview that “fundamentally, it is a much different group of people.” He insisted that the conflict had unlocked much more direct communication with high-level Iranian officials and that the relationship was “fundamentally transformed.”

Most Senate Republicans said they want to review the deal, but it was still unclear whether they would have a vote or if Congress could pass it.

Republican Senator Eric Schmitt of Missouri said he doesn't think an up-or-down vote is necessary.

“You have the camp that wants us to lose, and then you have a camp that wants a forever war,” Schmitt said. “President Trump's not in either one of those camps, and neither am I.”

Senator Ted Cruz said he expects the Senate will get the final say. But he praised Trump for making “the single most consequential decision of his presidency” by attacking Iran.

“I think he made America safer,” Cruz said. “The president as commander in chief acted decisively to stop that ayatollah from getting nuclear weapons.”

Senator James Lankford, an Oklahoma Republican who serves on the Intelligence Committee, said he expects there are still many more steps to the process before any package would come to Congress for review.

“Seems like early reports are showing that this is kind of the first step,” he said. “Once we have a final agreement, we need to take it up and pass it. … If you want a long-term agreement, it's got to be law.”

Democrats questioned how the deal will improve upon the US position before the war — and how it differs from Obama's 2015 nuclear deal.

“For all his critique of JCPOA, we had international observers, we actually had an alliance there that included the Europeans, and Russia and China were all signatories,” Virginia Senator Mark Warner, the top Democrat on the Intelligence Committee, told CBS's “Face the Nation” on Sunday.

Senator Elizabeth Warren said there are more questions than answers, including what happens to the Iranian nuclear program and sanctions on Iranian oil.

Trump has spent “tens of billions of dollars” and service members and Iranians have died, “and he still cannot explain how one family in Massachusetts is better off,” Warren said.

Democratic Senator Tim Kaine of Virginia said an end to what has been a costly and unpopular war would be a good resolution, but he wants to hear more details.

“An off-ramp is good because it was a war that should have never been started,” he said.