Before Syria’s civil war erupted in 2011, Alawites were estimated to comprise between 10 per cent  and 13 per cent of the country’s total population. While often described as an offshoot of Shia Islam, their religious background is complex and distinct.

Alawi Islam traces its origins to the ninth century in northeastern Syria, a region influenced by diverse beliefs. Unlike orthodox Muslims, Alawites prefer private worship, often at home or in open spaces rather than congregational prayers in mosques. They also interpret the Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca symbolically rather than as a mandatory physical journey. Other notable distinctions include their use of wine in rituals, the absence of a strict requirement for women to wear headscarves, and a belief system that incorporates elements of nature worship, including reverence for the sun, moon, and stars.

Despite these differences, Alawites share some common beliefs with Shiite Muslims. Notably, they hold the view that Ali ibn Abu Talib the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad, the first leader of Shia Muslims as divine.

Due to their unique religious beliefs, Alawites have faced persecution for centuries. From the time of the Christian Crusaders to the rule of the Ottoman Empire, the sect has endured repeated discrimination and marginalization.